As the availability of COVID-19 tests dwindle across Canada, another option to detect the virus in the form of a furry friend may be the next best thing.
Multiple studies show that dogs can be more effective, faster and potentially less expensive than the current tests on the market.
The research has grown since 2020, with University of California Santa Barbara professor Tommy Dickey finding the collective research shows trained scent dogs are “as effective and often more effective” than both the rapid antigen tests many people keep in their homes, and even the PCR tests deployed at clinics and hospitals.
But even with studies showing their effectiveness, COVID-19-detecting dogs are deployed only in certain jurisdictions in various countries.
One such place is the Canines for Care program at Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH), which started looking into the possibility of training dogs to detect COVID-19 in early 2021.
Dr. Marthe Charles, division head of medical microbiology and infection prevention and control at VCH, said the idea stemmed from the early reliance on laboratory testing.
“I think there was a will from public health at the time and also from the various levels of government to try to find a way that was fast, accurate and non-invasive to be able to detect and train as many people as possible,” Charles told Global News in an interview.
Three dogs — two Labrador retrievers and an English springer spaniel — were brought in for training. The dogs were exposed to items such as masks that were worn by patients either negative or positive for the virus. This trained the dogs to recognize what is and is not COVID-19.
Charles said the dogs were trained since being puppies to associate the scent of COVID-19 with food and were rewarded each time they correctly detected a positive case of the virus.
“So from early on in their lives, they’ve associated the scent of a case of COVID to a rewarding scent,” she explained.
This reward method is not just used by VCM. It was also used with a group of dogs sourced in early 2021 for a French study, trained at detection using toys — usually tennis balls — as rewards.
Dr. Carla Simon, owner of Hunter’s Heart Scent Detection Canines in Calgary, said this method of training dogs is common. By using rewards, it can help motivate them to find the scent.
“We would pair, let’s say, the sweat samples with COVID, with their reward, and they notice that every time they find their reward, there’s that special smell,” she explained. “We just have to make it rewarding for the dog.”
She added, however, that the dog chooses the reward so trainers can ensure the canines “show up every day and want to do their job.”
Earlier this month, Dickey along with Heather Junqueira of BioScent, Inc. gathered several peer-reviewed studies into a review that was published in the Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Dickey said the number of peer-reviewed studies over the past few years went from four to 29, incorporating the work of more than 400 scientists from more than 30 countries and 31,000 samples.
The review noted the effectiveness of dogs’ ability to detect COVID-19 comes down to their noses.
“The nose is not like humans,” Simon said. “It’s massively different, orders of magnitude different, and they can detect things without us being able to smell them.”
Humans have about five to six million olfactory receptors in their noses, while dogs have hundreds of millions. One-third of their brain is devoted to the interpretation of smell — something only five per cent of a human’s brain is committed to, according to Dickey’s review.
The study found dogs’ noses may even be able to detect pre-symptomatic COVID-19 cases, or even those who will develop symptoms later.
Dickey told us in an interview that this could help limit or stop the virus from spreading.
“The longer the wait is between your test and your result, that’s a latent period,” he said. “During that time you’re running around spreading COVID and you don’t know it. The dogs with a direct sniff will be done in seconds.”
Many of the studies conducted, including the work at VCH through the Canine for Care program, have shown dogs’ ability to detect the disease correctly with a success rate of more than 90 per cent. Additionally, the studies also showed a high speed at which the dogs could identify cases. In one study in Thailand, researchers reported the dogs had gone through thousands of samples in just a few weeks.
“The dogs take only one to two seconds to detect the virus per sample. Once they detect a patient, they will sit down,” said Chulalongkorn University professor Kaywalee Chatdarong, who led the 2021 project. “This takes only one to two seconds. Within one minute, they can manage to go through 60 samples.”
Even though the research suggested deploying scent-detection dogs could also be less expensive than rapid or PCR tests, Charles cautioned the logistics that go into training the dog is where it becomes “more prohibitive.”
In VCH’s case, training of the dogs included the medical microbiology lab to provide samples for use, working with infection prevention teams and control nurses, and if a dog identifies an area of concern, cleaning services may need to be utilized. And when it comes to rolling out testing using the dogs, enough staffing is needed for mass screening.
Despite this, while Charles says deploying the dogs widely could be difficult due to staffing and training, they are still one of several tools that can be used in COVID-19 detection.
“I think the way to see those dogs from my perspective is really like another tool in the toolbox and trying to prevent further transmission of pathogen of concern,” she said.
Dickey and Junqueira say dogs should have a place in “serious diagnostic methodology” including in helping should the world face a future pandemic.
“Heartbreaking Appeal: Abandoned Puppy Clings to Hope with Plea for Rescue”
In a world where compassion often shines its brightest in the midst of adversity, a poignant story of a vulnerable puppy’s plea for help has stirred the hearts of many, serving as a powerful reminder that acts of kindness can transcend even the harshest circumstances. The scene opens with a small, abandoned puppy adorned with a heart-wrenching sign that reads “Help Me,” a desperate cry for assistance that almost went unnoticed by a world seemingly too busy to care.
The story unfolds as a young child stumbles upon the sight of this forlorn puppy, shivering and hungry, left to fend for itself. With innocence and empathy, the child recognizes the urgent need for intervention and makes a call to those who can offer help.
Responding swiftly and compassionately, a dedicated team from an animal welfare organization arrives on the scene. Armed with warmth, nourishment, and a deep-seated commitment to making a difference, these volunteers extend a lifeline to the trembling puppy. Wrapping it in soft blankets, offering sustenance, and cradling it with the utmost gentleness, they exemplify the power of human empathy in its purest form.
The puppy’s journey from despair to hope is a testament to the strength of collective compassion. As it devours the offered sustenance with a hunger that goes beyond the physical, the transformation begins. With each bite, the puppy is nourished not only in body but also in spirit, finding a flicker of hope amidst its dire circumstances.
Soon after satiating its hunger, the puppy’s weariness takes over, and it drifts into a peaceful slumber. This vulnerable state serves as a poignant reminder of the vulnerability of all creatures, a reminder that resonates with the viewer’s sense of empathy.
As the puppy awakens, a beautiful metamorphosis takes place. In the company of kind-hearted individuals and the comforting presence of other dogs, the once-desolate creature begins to flourish. Its playful interactions and moments of unadulterated joy become a beacon of resilience, a testament to the capacity for happiness and healing even after facing abandonment.
The heartwarming narrative of this rescued puppy touches on themes of responsibility and compassion, inviting reflection on our roles as stewards of the animals that share our world. It is a stark reminder that each life, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, carries its own inherent worth and deserves a chance to thrive.
The final chapter of this story is one of promise and commitment. The compassionate individuals who stepped in to save this puppy’s life also vowed to give it a forever home. The once-abandoned puppy will now be cherished as a member of a loving family, a testament to the enduring impact of compassion and care.
This heartrending tale of rescue and redemption demonstrates that in a world often marred by indifference, a simple act of kindness can become a catalyst for change. The puppy’s plea for help, conveyed through a handwritten sign, touched hearts around the globe, uniting people in a shared sense of empathy and determination.
As we reflect on this story, let it serve as a call to action—a reminder that our compassion can reshape lives, that our empathy can bridge the gaps of understanding, and that our collective effort can make a world of difference for those who cannot advocate for themselves. The tale of the adorable, abandoned puppy with a heartfelt plea is a testament to the power of compassion, a testament that resonates far beyond its pages and encourages us all to be the change we wish to see in the world.
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