The tooth fairy is a welcome guest for any child who has lost a tooth. Not only will the fairy leave a small gift under the child’s pillow, but they be assured of a replacement tooth in a few months. Unfortunately, the scenario is quite different for adults grappling with a loss of teeth. Luckily, there may be some hope thanks to a new study performed by scientists at Kyoto University and the University of Fukui.
A dental breakthrough
While the typical adult mouth houses 32 teeth, approximately 1% of the population exhibits variations of them, either possessing more or fewer teeth due to congenital conditions. Researchers have delved into the genetic factors behind cases of excessive teeth, seeking valuable insights into the potential regeneration of teeth in adults. This study is the first to show that monoclonal antibodies can help regrow teeth. It suggests a new way to treat a dental problem that currently requires implants and other artificial solutions.
A bit of science
The research team disclosed that an antibody targeting a specific gene, known as uterine sensitization-associated gene-1 (USAG-1), can induce tooth development in mice affected by tooth agenesis, a congenital condition. The findings were published in the journal, Science Advances.
As per Katsu Takahashi, a senior lecturer at the Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine and one of the principal contributors to the study, the essential molecules crucial for the development of teeth have already been pinpointed. “The morphogenesis of individual teeth depends on the interactions of several molecules including BMP, or bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt signaling,” says Takahashi.
On April 13, 2021, the University of Kyoto posted its first pic of newly-grown teeth in mice.
BMP and Wnt are involved in more than just tooth development; they affect the growth of organs and tissues early in the body’s development. Because drugs affecting them directly might have broad side effects, scientists are cautious. To find a potentially safer method, researchers focused on the gene USAG-1, thinking that aiming at factors countering BMP and Wnt specifically in tooth development could be more precise.
“We knew that suppressing USAG-1 benefits tooth growth. What we did not know was whether it would be enough,” added Takahashi.
The first results
Scientists looked at how different monoclonal antibodies affect USAG-1. Monoclonal antibodies are often used to treat things like cancer and arthritis and for making vaccines. Tests with this antibody showed that BMP signaling is crucial for deciding the number of teeth in mice. Also, just one treatment was enough to grow a whole tooth. Further tests confirmed these positive results in ferrets too.
“Ferrets are diphyodont animals with similar dental patterns to humans. Our next plan is to test the antibodies on other animals, such as pigs and dogs,” explained Takahashi.
Fully regrown frontal teeth in ferrets
The next steps
Now, scientists are going to test the drug on healthy adults. If that goes well, the team plans to try it on kids aged 2 to 6 with a rare tooth problem called anodontia, a genetic disorder defined as the absence of all teeth. These kids will get one shot of the drug to see if it makes their teeth grow. If everything works out, the medicine might be approved by 2030.
Takahashi sees the new medicine as an additional choice for individuals who are missing some or all of their teeth.
“The idea of growing new teeth is every dentist’s dream,” Takahashi told the Japanese newspaper, The Mainichi in June this year. “I’ve been working on this since I was a graduate student. I was confident I’d be able to make it happen.”
So hopefully, by the year 2030, humans will get a chance to have their third generation of teeth grown and say goodbye to implants. Until then, make sure to keep your teeth strong and healthy — this article will help you with that.
Preview photo credit KyotoU_News / Twitter
What number should replace the question mark
Cognitive puzzles have always intrigued and challenged our minds, pushing us to think outside the box. Today, we have an interesting brain teaser featuring fried eggs with an unknown number in one corner. The big question is: What number should replace the question mark?
At first glance, this puzzle might seem straightforward, but many people struggle to find the correct answer. Let’s break it down step by step, analyze common mistakes, and finally arrive at the right solution.
Try to Solve It First!
Before we dive into the solution, take a moment to analyze the image. Each fried egg pair or grouping has a number next to it, except for the last one. Your challenge is to figure out the pattern behind these numbers and determine the missing value.
So, what’s your answer? 12? 24? Something else? Let’s see if you’re right.
Common Mistakes People Make
Puzzles like this often trick people into seeing patterns that don’t actually exist or missing key details. Here are some common mistakes:
- Assuming the numbers represent the total number of yolks
Many people assume the number is simply the count of yolks in each grouping. However, if that were the case, the values would be 2, 3, 2, and 3—this doesn’t match the numbers given. - Thinking the numbers count the number of egg whites
Some might assume the numbers are based on the number of egg whites. However, we see cases where eggs are overlapping, making this unreliable. - Overcomplicating the pattern
Some puzzle solvers jump straight to complex mathematical operations before checking simpler patterns.
If you made one of these mistakes—don’t worry! Now let’s walk through the correct method to solve this.
Video : Which Number Replaces The Question Mark ??
Step-by-Step Solution: Finding the Pattern
Let’s examine the numbers given: 12, 23, and 22. Each number corresponds to a different grouping of eggs. But what do they mean?
Step 1: Count the Yolk Pairs and Their Positioning
Looking closely at each plate, we see that:
- 12 → Two yolks in one egg white.
- 23 → Three yolks in one egg white + two yolks in another egg white.
- 22 → Two yolks in each of two egg whites.
From this, we see that the numbers are NOT just counting yolks or egg whites alone.
Step 2: Understanding the Number Formation
Observing the pattern, the first digit of the number corresponds to the number of yolks in the first egg, and the second digit corresponds to the number of yolks in the second egg.
- 12 → (1 yolk in the first egg, 2 yolks in the second egg)
- 23 → (2 yolks in the first egg, 3 yolks in the second egg)
- 22 → (2 yolks in the first egg, 2 yolks in the second egg)
Step 3: Identifying the Last Number
Now, let’s apply this pattern to the final grouping, which contains 3 yolks in one egg white and no additional egg.
Following the same rule, the first digit is 3 (yolks in the first egg), and since there is no second egg, we assume the second digit is 1.
Thus, the missing number should be 13.
Final Answer: 13
After carefully analyzing the pattern, we conclude that the correct number to replace the question mark is 13. The first digit represents the number of yolks in the first egg, and the second digit represents the number of yolks in the second egg.
Did you get it right? If not, don’t worry! The key takeaway is to pay attention to patterns rather than just counting random elements.
Video : Egg Riddles
Join the Discussion!
Did you find a different pattern? Do you enjoy solving logic puzzles like this one? Share your answers and thoughts in the comments below!
If you liked this challenge, try tackling more puzzles to sharpen your logical thinking and pattern recognition skills. The more you practice, the better you get at spotting hidden patterns and solving tricky problems quickly.
So, what are you waiting for? Test your brain with another puzzle today!
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